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Related Concept Videos

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
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Transaxillary First Rib Resection for Treatment of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
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External and internal ontogenetic changes in the first rib.

Daniel García-Martínez1, Orosia García Gil2, Oscar Cambra-Moo2,3

  • 1Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology
|September 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals how first rib shape and internal bone structure change during human development. These changes in first rib morphology and bone tissue compartmentalization are linked, offering insights into thorax evolution and breathing mechanics.

Keywords:
developmenthistologyrib cagesemilandmarksthorax

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoanthropology
  • Human Anatomy
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • First ribs offer insights into thorax morphology and are well-preserved in fossil samples.
  • Previous research examined first rib microanatomy and external morphology separately.
  • A combined approach is needed to understand covariation between internal and external rib changes during ontogeny.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate ontogenetic changes in first rib morphology and bone tissue compartmentalization in Homo sapiens.
  • To determine the covariation between external rib shape and internal bone structure during development.
  • To explore the functional implications of these changes for thorax evolution and breathing.

Main Methods:

  • Applied 3D geometric morphometrics to quantify first rib curvature and cross-section shape.
  • Utilized histological analysis to examine bone tissue composition and compartmentalization.
  • Employed principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) to analyze ontogenetic variation and covariation.

Main Results:

  • First ribs exhibit increased curvature and a less rounded mid-shaft cross-section during ontogeny.
  • Sternal end orientation and head-tubercle distance change with age.
  • Bone tissue compartmentalization shifts, with decreased mineralized and increased non-mineralized areas, correlating with cross-section shape.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first detailed correlation between first rib morphology and bone tissue compartmentalization during ontogeny.
  • Observed changes may relate to evolving muscle attachments and shifts in breathing mode (diaphragmatic to pulmonary).
  • Findings contribute to understanding human thorax evolution and functional adaptations.