Biosensors based on electrochemical lactate detection: A comprehensive review

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Analytical Chemistry
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Lactate detection is vital in clinical diagnostics (e.g., sepsis, hypoxia) and food industries.
• Conventional lactate assays lack the speed and accuracy required for high-throughput screening.
• Electrochemical biosensors offer a promising alternative for sensitive and rapid lactate determination.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the applications and recent developments in electrochemical biosensors for lactate detection.
• To provide a comparative analysis of L-lactate biosensors based on analytical properties.
• To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of current enzyme-based lactate biosensors.

Main Methods:

• Focus on electrochemical biosensor designs utilizing lactate oxidase (LOD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
• Analysis of various immobilization supports including membranes, polymeric matrices, hydrogels, screen-printed electrodes, and nanoparticles.
• Comparative evaluation of biosensor performance metrics: sensitivity, detection limit, linearity, response time, and stability.

Main Results:

• Lactate biosensors based on LOD and LDH show significant potential for sensitive lactate detection.
• Diverse fabrication strategies using various supports impact biosensor performance.
• Enzyme-based biosensors offer a balance of sensitivity and specificity for lactate monitoring.

Conclusions:

• Electrochemical biosensors represent a significant advancement for accurate and rapid lactate quantification.
• Further research into novel materials and fabrication techniques will enhance lactate sensor capabilities.
• Future prospects include improved stability, miniaturization, and point-of-care applications for lactate monitoring.