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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Calcium ions are essential to contract smooth muscle cells in blood vessels. They enter these cells through voltage-dependent calcium channels, specifically L-type calcium channels in the cell membrane. These L-type calcium channels are integral to the excitation-contraction coupling process in smooth muscle. When a stimulus is received by smooth muscle cells, their membrane depolarizes. This alteration in membrane potential instigates the opening of L-type calcium channels. As a result,...
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...
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A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
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Calcium and Cardiovascular Disease.

Ian R Reid1,2, Sarah M Birstow1, Mark J Bolland1

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Endocrinology and Metabolism (Seoul, Korea)
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High circulating calcium levels increase vascular disease risk, independent of other factors. Dietary calcium is safer than supplements for cardiovascular health.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Nephrology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Elevated circulating calcium is a recognized risk factor for vascular disease, supported by extensive longitudinal studies.
  • Potential mediation by other cardiovascular risk factors exists, but an independent effect of serum calcium is suggested.
  • Genetic variations in the calcium-sensing receptor linked to higher serum calcium correlate with cardiovascular disease, implying causality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between circulating calcium levels and vascular disease risk.
  • To investigate the role of calcium supplements versus dietary calcium in cardiovascular health.
  • To analyze the impact of calcium on mortality and vascular disease progression.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of prospective studies with large participant cohorts and long follow-up periods.
  • Review of clinical trials involving calcium supplements in patients with varying degrees of renal function.
  • Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials and observational studies on dietary calcium intake.

Main Results:

  • Prospective studies indicate circulating calcium is an independent risk factor for vascular disease.
  • Trials in renal failure patients show increased mortality and vascular disease with calcium supplements.
  • Meta-analyses suggest adverse cardiovascular effects from calcium supplements, particularly in calcium-naive individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Circulating calcium is a significant risk factor for vascular disease.
  • Dietary calcium intake is preferable to calcium supplements for cardiovascular health.
  • High calcium intake, especially from supplements, may accelerate vascular disease and increase mortality.