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Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

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Multilevel phase-type diffractive lens embedded in sapphire.

Qian-Kun Li, Yi-Ming Lu, Jian-Guan Hua

|September 29, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a kinoform phase-type lens (KPL) in sapphire using femtosecond lasers. This UV-focusing lens maintains stable optical performance even after high-temperature annealing, showing potential for advanced optical devices.

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Last Updated: Feb 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Materials Science
Laser Technology

Background:

Kinoform phase-type lenses (KPLs) offer advanced optical functionalities.
Femtosecond (fs)-laser-induced refractive index changes enable novel material modifications.
Sapphire is a robust material suitable for harsh environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To fabricate a KPL within sapphire using fs-laser modification.
To characterize the refractive index change in sapphire induced by fs-laser.
To evaluate the optical performance and stability of the KPL.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of volume phase gratings in sapphire using fs-laser.
Measurement of diffraction orders to determine refractive index change.
Design and fabrication of a four-level KPL based on experimental data.
High-temperature annealing test (1050°C for 30 min) to assess stability.

Main Results:

Established a method to quantify fs-laser-induced refractive index change in sapphire.
Successfully designed and fabricated a four-level KPL within sapphire.
Demonstrated unique UV focusing and imaging capabilities of the KPL.
Confirmed stable optical performance across different refractive index environments and after high-temperature annealing.

Conclusions:

Fs-laser-fabricated KPLs in sapphire exhibit robust optical performance and stability.
These KPLs have significant potential for enhancing light extraction in GaN blue-UV LEDs.
The KPLs are suitable for micro-optical sensors in demanding high-temperature and chemically harsh conditions.