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Polygenic Traits01:18

Polygenic Traits

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When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
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In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

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Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

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The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

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Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
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Genus-wide variation in foliar polyphenolics in eucalypts.

Karen J Marsh1, Carsten Kulheim1, Simon P Blomberg2

  • 1Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.

Phytochemistry
|September 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study analyzed polyphenol diversity in eucalypts, revealing significant concentrations of ellagitannins. Phylogenetic analysis showed evolutionary signals in most phenolic groups, except for specific proanthocyanidin traits potentially shaped by environmental pressures.

Keywords:
Condensed tanninsEucalyptsFlavonol derivativesHydrolysable tanninsPhenolic compositionPhylogeneticsPlant defence

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biochemistry and ecology
  • Phylogenetic analysis of secondary metabolites
  • Eucalypt foliage composition

Background:

  • Quantifying total phenolics or tannins limits understanding of their ecological roles.
  • Polyphenolic secondary metabolites are crucial for plant defense and ecological interactions.
  • Detailed analysis of diverse phenolic groups is needed to elucidate their functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure concentrations of diverse polyphenol groups in eucalypt foliage.
  • To investigate phylogenetic signals in the distribution of these phenolic compounds.
  • To move beyond "total" measurements towards a nuanced understanding of phenolic composition.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).
  • Quantified concentrations of tannin groups, flavonoid groups, and quinic acid derivatives.
  • Analyzed foliage from 628 individuals across Eucalyptus, Angophora, and Corymbia genera.

Main Results:

  • Many eucalypts exhibit high concentrations of polyphenols, especially ellagitannins.
  • Negative correlations were observed between proanthocyanidins (PAs), hydrolysable tannins (HTs), flavonols, and quinic acid derivatives.
  • Moderate phylogenetic signal was found in most polyphenol groups, with exceptions in PA subunits and polymerization.

Conclusions:

  • Ellagitannins, though less studied, are abundant and may have significant oxidative activity.
  • Specific PA traits may have evolved under selection pressures, overriding phylogenetic signals.
  • Understanding phenolic diversity and its phylogenetic basis is key to ecological processes.