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Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
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Prostacyclin receptor agonists are a class of therapeutic agents integral to managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These drugs operate by mimicking the action of prostaglandin I2, or PGI2, a naturally occurring compound in the body.
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Drugs, the chemical agents used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases, undergo a four-phase process of development: pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

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What is next after anamorelin?

Jose M Garcia1

  • 1aGeriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare System bDepartment of Medicine, Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care
|September 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Effective treatments for cancer anorexia and cachexia syndrome (CACS) are lacking. Further research into preclinical models and clinical trial design is crucial for developing new therapies for CACS.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Cancer anorexia and cachexia syndrome (CACS) significantly impacts patient quality of life.
  • Current treatments for CACS are limited, highlighting an unmet medical need.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of anamorelin and other agents for CACS.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and future research directions in CACS treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anamorelin's phase III clinical trial development.
  • Analysis of current drug development strategies for CACS.

Main Results:

  • Despite promising preclinical results, several CACS drug candidates face regulatory approval challenges.
  • Revisiting drug development strategies and addressing field challenges are necessary.

Conclusions:

  • Further preclinical research is needed to understand appetite, muscle, and energy metabolism regulators in CACS.
  • Clinical research should focus on validating trial criteria, endpoints, and interventions like nutrition and exercise.
  • Future strategies must incorporate clinical meaningfulness and stakeholder input.