Clinical utility of emerging liquid biomarkers in advanced prostate cancer

The therapeutic landscape of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) has rapidly expanded in recent years. Despite significant improvements in patient overall survival, it remains challenging to determine the optimal therapy and sequence of therapies for individual patients. The development of molecular biomarkers will be key for patient stratification, and for monitoring response and resistance to therapy. In this context, minimally-invasive blood-based "liquid" biopsies are attractive as a practical surrogate for solid tumor tissue, providing a window into metastatic disease. Circulating tumor cells and circulating cell-free tumor DNA in particular have demonstrated remarkable potential to inform on PCa patient outcomes through the detection of specific genomic and transcriptomic alterations. This review covers recent advances in the development of clinically-informative liquid biomarkers for advanced PCa.