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Pharynx

Pharynx

The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented into three major areas: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx, bordered by the conchae of the nasal cavity, serves exclusively as an air conduit. In its superior region, the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are located. These tonsils are clusters of lymphoid reticular tissue akin to a lymph node. The precise...

Design Example: Frog Muscle Response

Design Example: Frog Muscle Response

A student is tasked to work on an intriguing experiment involving an RL (Resistor-Inductor) circuit to study the muscle response of a frog's leg to electrical stimulation. The RL circuit plays a crucial role in this experiment, providing the means to control and measure the electrical impulses that trigger muscle contraction.
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Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

Tongue

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The human tongue is a fascinating and complex organ, responsible for various essential functions such as swallowing, speech, and taste. It is also subject to various conditions and diseases. In this article, we delve into the anatomy of the tongue, its roles, and some common conditions that can affect it.
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Larynx

Larynx

The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
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The esophagus, a muscular conduit linking the pharynx and stomach, measures roughly 10 inches (25.4 cm) and sits behind the trachea. It remains collapsed when not swallowing. The esophagus follows a predominantly straight path through the thoracic mediastinum and enters the abdominal cavity through a diaphragmatic opening known as the esophageal hiatus.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians

Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians

Published on: May 12, 2019

A frog in the throat?

Hunniya Waseem¹, Matthew Welch²

¹Emergency Department, West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Bury St Edmund's, Suffolk, UK.

Emergency Medicine Journal : EMJ

|October 1, 2017

Summary

A woman experienced throat discomfort and difficulty breathing after an assault. Imaging revealed a pharyngeal perforation, a serious injury requiring prompt medical attention.

Area of Science:

Emergency Medicine
Otolaryngology

Background:

A 44-year-old woman presented with acute throat discomfort and dyspnea following a physical assault.
The patient reported an assailant placed a fist in her mouth in an attempted suffocation.

Observation:

Physical examination revealed only perioral scratch marks, with no odynophagia or dysphagia.
The patient experienced worsening dyspnea when lying flat.

Findings:

Lateral neck soft tissue radiography was performed to evaluate the pharyngeal structures.
The diagnostic imaging was crucial in identifying the cause of the patient's symptoms.

Implications:

Prompt diagnosis of pharyngeal perforation is critical for appropriate management and preventing complications.

Keywords:

Trauma, head imaging, x-ray

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This case highlights the importance of considering traumatic pharyngeal injuries in patients presenting with acute airway compromise.