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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Test of Independence01:21

Introduction to Test of Independence

3.0K
In statistics, the term independence means that one can directly obtain the probability of any event involving both variables by multiplying their individual probabilities. Tests of independence are chi-square tests involving the use of a contingency table of observed (data) values.
The test statistic for a test of independence is similar to that of a goodness-of-fit test:
3.0K
Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence01:16

Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence

8.3K
The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
H0: The two variables (factors)...
8.3K
Independent and Dependent Sources01:18

Independent and Dependent Sources

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In electrical circuits, sources play a crucial role in providing power for the operation of the circuit. These sources can be broadly categorized into two types: independent and dependent.
Independent voltage or current sources supply a fixed amount of voltage or current, respectively, which is unaffected by other elements within the circuit. These are represented using specific symbols. Independent voltage sources are symbolized with polarities (+ and -), indicating the direction of the...
2.7K
Law of Independent Assortment02:03

Law of Independent Assortment

63.0K
While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
63.0K
Degrees of Freedom01:02

Degrees of Freedom

10.4K
The degree of freedom for a particular statistical calculation is the number of values that are free to vary. As a result, the minimum number of independent numbers can specify a particular statistic. The degrees of freedom differ greatly depending on known and uncalculated statistical components.
For example, suppose there are three unknown numbers whose mean is 10; although we can freely assign values to the first and second numbers, the value of the last number can not be arbitrarily...
10.4K
Degrees of Freedom01:02

Degrees of Freedom

7.3K
The degree of freedom for a particular statistical calculation is the number of values that are free to vary. Thus, the minimum number of independent numbers can specify a particular statistic. The degrees of freedom differ greatly depending on known and uncalculated statistical components.
For example, suppose there are three unknown numbers whose mean is 10; although we can freely assign values to the first and second numbers, the value of the last number can not be arbitrarily assigned.
7.3K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Simultaneous Isolation of Principal Central Nervous System-Resident Cell Types from Adult Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice
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Simultaneous Isolation of Principal Central Nervous System-Resident Cell Types from Adult Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice

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American = Independent?

Hazel Rose Markus1

  • 1Stanford University.

Perspectives on Psychological Science : a Journal of the Association for Psychological Science
|October 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary

American culture often emphasizes independence, but this view neglects the interdependent selves common among working-class Americans and people of color. This oversight creates significant societal challenges.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cultural Psychology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • U.S. American culture often promotes an independent self, contrasting with East and South Asian contexts.
  • The independent self is characterized by individuality, separateness, and influence over the environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the assumption of independence as a universal American psychological signature.
  • To explore how social class, race, and ethnicity intersect with national culture to shape self-construal.

Main Methods:

  • This study utilizes a cultural psychological approach.
  • It reviews existing literature on self-construal in American and East/South Asian contexts.
  • It analyzes the implications of the independent self model in North American psychology.
Keywords:
Americanculturediversityindependenceinterdependence

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Main Results:

  • While independence characterizes the White, middle-class American mainstream, it is less representative of working-class individuals and people of color.
  • North American psychology's reliance on an independent self model overlooks the psychologies of a significant portion of the population.
  • Interdependent self-tendencies, arising from cultural intersections, often go unrecognized and are stigmatized.

Conclusions:

  • The dominant independent model of the self in American psychology fails to capture the experiences of a diverse population.
  • The clash between independent and interdependent self-construals contributes to various societal issues, including education, health, and political polarization.
  • Recognizing and valuing interdependent self-construals is crucial for addressing systemic challenges in the U.S.