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Related Concept Videos

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
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Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

123.4K
Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
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Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

17.8K
Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
17.8K
Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview01:20

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview

20.9K
The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in an acidic medium to give esters and water.
20.9K
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

3.6K
Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
3.6K
Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Mechanism01:13

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Mechanism

10.1K
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to yield esters via an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction called Fischer esterification. This is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction that proceeds via a tetrahedral intermediate, where a water molecule is eliminated as the leaving group.
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Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
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Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

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Experimental and Kinetic Study on Lignin Depolymerization in Water/Formic Acid System.

Qi Wang1, Sipian Guan2, Dekui Shen3

  • 1College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310096, China. wangqi@cjlu.edu.cn.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Microwave heating efficiently depolymerized black-liquor lignin in formic acid, maximizing bio-oil yields of aromatic monomers and oligomers at 160 °C. Kinetic analysis revealed distinct depolymerization and repolymerization stages for lignin conversion.

Keywords:
aromatic compoundskinetic modelligninmicrowave heatingsolvolysis

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Ultrafast Lignin Extraction from Unusual Mediterranean Lignocellulosic Residues
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Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls Lignocellulosic biomass Part I: Lignin
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Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls Lignocellulosic biomass Part I: Lignin
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Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls Lignocellulosic biomass Part I: Lignin

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Biomass Conversion
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Black-liquor lignin is a major byproduct of the pulp and paper industry.
  • Efficient depolymerization of lignin is crucial for valorization into valuable chemicals.
  • Existing methods often require harsh conditions or yield complex mixtures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate microwave-assisted depolymerization of black-liquor lignin in formic acid.
  • To optimize reaction conditions for maximizing bio-oil yields (monomers and oligomers).
  • To characterize the chemical composition of the produced bio-oils and understand the reaction kinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Microwave-assisted heating in formic acid.
  • Optimization of temperature and reaction time.
  • Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for bio-oil 1 analysis.
  • Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for bio-oil 2 analysis.
  • Development of a two-stage kinetic model.

Main Results:

  • Maximum yields of bio-oil 1 (9.69%) and bio-oil 2 (54.39%) achieved at 160 °C for 30 min.
  • Identified prominent aromatic monomers in bio-oil 1: Ethanone, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) and Ethanone, 1-(4-hydrox-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl).
  • Characterized aromatic oligomers in bio-oil 2 with molecular weights ranging from 328 to 454.
  • Proposed a two-stage kinetic model with activation energies of 40.27 kJ·mol⁻¹ and 49.18 kJ·mol⁻¹.

Conclusions:

  • Microwave-assisted depolymerization in formic acid is an effective method for lignin valorization.
  • Reaction temperature significantly influences the production of aromatic oligomers.
  • The proposed kinetic model provides insights into the lignin depolymerization and repolymerization mechanisms.