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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Management of Humeral Defects in Anterior Shoulder Instability.

Maria Valencia Mora1, Miguel Ángel Ruiz-Ibán2, Jorge Diaz Heredia2

  • 1Hospital Fundación Jiménez Diáz, Madrid, Spain.

The Open Orthopaedics Journal
|October 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Hill-Sachs lesions, posterior-superior defects of the humeral head, increase with dislocations. Individualized treatment considering size, location, and glenoid track is crucial for managing recurrent instability.

Keywords:
AutograftHumeral defectInstabilityOsteotomyRemplissageShoulder

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Shoulder Instability

Background:

  • Hill-Sachs lesions are posterior-superior humeral head defects resulting from anterior instability.
  • Lesion size and number of dislocations correlate with recurrent instability and surgical recurrence risk.
  • Engaging Hill-Sachs lesions indicate a poorer prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding and management of Hill-Sachs lesions.
  • To emphasize the importance of lesion characteristics beyond size.
  • To highlight the role of the glenoid track in treatment decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Hill-Sachs lesion classification and management.
  • Discussion of the glenoid track concept and its implications.
  • Analysis of various surgical treatment options.

Main Results:

  • Numerous treatment options exist, including remplissage, augmentation, osteotomy, and arthroplasty.
  • Lesions >25% of the humeral head may require more than a simple Bankart repair.
  • Glenoid bone loss must be considered alongside humeral defects.

Conclusions:

  • Individualized treatment is essential for Hill-Sachs lesions.
  • Accurate assessment of lesion size, location, and glenoid track is mandatory.
  • Optimal management aims to prevent recurrent instability and improve surgical outcomes.