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Related Concept Videos

Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

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Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:17

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
Bronchodilators, the first step of respiration enhancement, come in various forms, each with its own mechanism...
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Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

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Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System
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Overview on Inhalable Nanocarriers for Respiratory Immunization.

Rui C Ferreira1, Hermenegildo Neves1, Joao F Pinto2

  • 1Fernando Pessoa Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit/ Biomedical Research Center (FP-ENAS/CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Rua Carlos da Maia n 296, P-4200-150 Porto, Portugal.

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|October 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Innovative nanocarrier vaccine platforms delivered via inhalation show promise for respiratory immunization against re-emerging diseases. These systems enhance immune cell uptake, offering potential for improved vaccine efficacy and long-term protection.

Keywords:
Inhalable nanocarriersairway mucosainorganic nanocarriers.lipid nanocarrierspolymeric nanocarriersrespiratory immunization

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Vaccinology
  • Nanotechnology and Materials Science
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Controlling re-emerging infectious and non-infectious diseases remains a significant challenge.
  • Mucosal immunization, particularly targeting the airway mucosa, is gaining research attention.
  • Existing vaccine platforms require innovation for improved efficacy and long-term immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the features and potential of respiratory immunization using inhalable nanocarriers.
  • To explore various nanocarrier systems for delivering immunogens to the respiratory tract.
  • To assess the advantages and challenges of these platforms for clinical vaccination.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of recent in vivo studies on inhalable nanocarrier vaccine platforms.
  • Analysis of polymeric, lipid, and inorganic-based nanosystems for respiratory delivery.
  • Evaluation of nanocarrier interactions within the respiratory tract and with antigen-presenting cells.

Main Results:

  • Inhalable nanocarriers can be effectively delivered to the respiratory tract.
  • Various nanocarrier types (polymeric, lipid, inorganic) demonstrate potential for enhanced vaccine uptake.
  • These systems show promise in improving antigen-presenting cell interaction for robust immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Inhalable nanocarrier-based vaccines represent a promising strategy for respiratory immunization.
  • These platforms offer potential advantages for delivering immunogens safely and stably.
  • Further research is needed to overcome hurdles for successful clinical and commercial translation.