Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Rheological Modeling and Torque-Based Processability Prediction for Celecoxib/PVPVA Hot-Melt Extruded Amorphous Solid Dispersions.

European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences·2026

Same author

Risk factors for asseptic loosening after revision total knee replacement (rTKR): a component-specific analysis of femoral and tibial reconstruction.

The Knee·2026

Same author

Differences and Similarities in Hip and Knee Acute Periprosthetic Joint Infections After Primary Arthroplasty Treated with Irrigation and Debridement: An International, Multicenter Retrospective Study.

The Journal of arthroplasty·2026

Same author

The prognostic accuracy of three classification systems used for periprosthetic joint infection : a comparative study of the McPherson, PJI-TNM, and JS-BACH classifications.

The bone & joint journal·2026

Same author

Polyarticular Septic Arthritis in an Immunocompromised Adult: A Case Report.

Cureus·2026

Same author

Re-evaluating patient isolation policies for musculoskeletal infections in orthopaedic practice: a scoping review.

Journal of bone and joint infection·2025

Same journal

Design and evaluation of a pump-free ultrasonic atomization-driven hollow microneedle array for transdermal drug delivery.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026

Same journal

Predicting milling performance of pharmaceutical crystals from elastic modulus.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026

Same journal

Lipid digestion- driven drug fate as a key determinant of SNEDDS performance: Mechanistic basis of absorption and in vitro- in vivo disconnect.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026

Same journal

Redox-responsive nanomedicine beyond glutathione: harnessing reactive oxygen species and emerging endogenous triggers for precision drug delivery.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026

Same journal

Preventing tablet defects through vacuum-assisted deaeration of a powder bed.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026

Same journal

Approaches for enhancing bioavailability of macromolecular drugs.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

Published on: January 25, 2019

Material-sparing method development for liquid-to-solid ratio determination for wet granulation process development.

Catarina Luz¹, Ricardo Sousa², João F Pinto³

¹Oral Drug Product Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Lisbon, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Ulisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

|June 8, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study evaluated IKA and FT4 rheometers as alternatives to Mixer Torque Rheometers (MTR) for determining the liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio in wet granulation. Both instruments showed promise, with FT4 proving most reliable for both high-shear and twin-screw wet granulation processes.

Keywords:

FT4 rheometer High-shear wet granulation IKA magic plant Liquid-to-solid ratio Mixer torque rheometer Twin-screw wet granulation

More Related Videos

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

Published on: January 23, 2018

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

Published on: January 7, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

Published on: January 25, 2019

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

Published on: January 23, 2018

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Technology
Powder Rheology
Granulation Science

Background:

The liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio is critical for granule quality in wet granulation.
Mixer Torque Rheometer (MTR) is the standard for L/S ratio determination.
Material-sparing methods are needed for efficient granulation development.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate IKA Magic Plant and Freeman FT4 powder rheometers as MTR alternatives.
To develop a material-sparing method for L/S ratio determination.
To compare rheometer performance in high-shear wet granulation (HSWG) and twin-screw wet granulation (TSWG) processes.

Main Methods:

Tested three formulations with varying excipient ratios and water as granulation liquid.
Compared torque data from IKA and FT4 rheometers against MTR data.
Analyzed "Total Energy" data from FT4 and torque profiles from IKA.

Main Results:

Both IKA and FT4 correlated well with MTR for HSWG L/S ratio determination.
FT4 and MTR showed similar L/S ratios for TSWG processes.
FT4 demonstrated high reliability for predicting optimal L/S ratios in both HSWG and TSWG using small sample sizes (4g).

Conclusions:

IKA and FT4 are viable alternatives to MTR for L/S ratio determination in HSWG.
FT4 is the preferred alternative for TSWG L/S ratio determination.
FT4 rheometer is the most reliable tool for optimizing L/S ratios in both HSWG and TSWG with minimal material.
IKA offers production-scale capabilities despite requiring more material.