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Related Concept Videos

Bias01:22

Bias

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
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Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Related Experiment Video

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Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology
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Implicit Bias in Pediatric Academic Medicine.

Tiffani J Johnson1, Angela M Ellison2, George Dalembert3

  • 1Division of Emergency Medicine and PolicyLab, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA.

Journal of the National Medical Association
|October 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Academic pediatric faculty leaders show unconscious pro-white/anti-black bias. Addressing this bias and recruitment barriers is key to improving diversity in academic pediatrics.

Keywords:
DiversityImplicit biasRacial bias

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Health Equity
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented in academic pediatrics.
  • Little research exists on unconscious racial bias among pediatric faculty involved in recruitment and retention decisions.
  • Understanding these biases is crucial for improving workforce diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess unconscious racial bias in academic pediatric faculty leaders.
  • To identify perceived barriers to minority recruitment and retention in academic pediatrics.

Main Methods:

  • A sample of pediatric faculty attending diversity workshops completed the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure unconscious racial bias.
  • Participants also reported on perceived barriers to minority recruitment and retention.
  • Data were collected in 2015 from local and national meetings.

Main Results:

  • The majority of participants (85%) completed the survey and IAT.
  • 83% of participants held leadership roles and 93% were involved in recruitment.
  • A slight pro-white/anti-black bias was observed on the IAT (M = 0.28, SD = 0.49), with no significant differences based on leadership or recruitment involvement.
  • Perceived barriers included a lack of minority mentors, inadequate recruitment strategies, and a shortage of qualified candidates.

Conclusions:

  • Unconscious pro-white/anti-black racial bias is present in academic pediatric faculty and leaders.
  • Further research is needed to understand the impact of unconscious bias on recruitment and retention decisions.
  • Addressing unconscious bias and identified barriers can enhance diversity initiatives in academic pediatrics.