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Related Concept Videos

Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
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Solubility03:00

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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
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Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Energetics of Solution Formation02:35

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
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Persistent Self-Association of Solute Molecules in Solution.

Weiwei Tang1, Huaping Mo2, Mingtao Zhang3

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|October 11, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study reveals that both hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions influence how tolfenamic acid (TFA) molecules self-assemble during crystallization. These interactions, including π-π stacking, are crucial for crystal formation regardless of the solvent used.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Crystallization
  • Solution Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Crystallization outcomes are dictated by solute structural evolution.
  • The precise self-assembly mechanisms driving nucleation remain largely unexplained.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the solution chemistry of tolfenamic acid (TFA) in various solvents.
  • To elucidate the role of intermolecular interactions in TFA crystallization and nucleation.

Main Methods:

  • Solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was employed.
  • The study focused on tolfenamic acid (TFA) as a model compound in three distinct solvents.

Main Results:

  • At increased concentrations, hydrogen-bonded solute-solute or solute-solvent pairs form, stabilized by weaker π-π interactions.
  • Solvent choice influences whether solution species configurations are preserved or rearranged in the crystal structure.
  • π-π stacking interactions are consistently maintained in the final crystal structure across all solvents.

Conclusions:

  • Nucleation involves primary interactions like hydrogen bonding and secondary forces such as π-π stacking.
  • Understanding these combined intermolecular forces is key to controlling crystallization processes.
  • The study highlights the persistent role of π-π stacking in the self-assembly and nucleation of tolfenamic acid.