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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

21.0K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Aerosol-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Oxide Structures: Zinc Oxide Rods
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Direction-specific interaction forces underlying zinc oxide crystal growth by oriented attachment.

X Zhang1, Z Shen1, J Liu2

  • 1Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99352, WA, USA.

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Researchers quantified nanoscale aligning forces during zinc oxide (ZnO) crystallization. Intervening water molecules play a crucial role in orienting particles for crystal growth and novel material design.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Particle attachment drives natural mineralization and novel materials design.
  • Understanding interparticle forces is key to controlling crystallographic alignment.
  • Current knowledge of forces enabling particle coalescence is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure and simulate nanoscale aligning forces in the ZnO(0001)-ZnO(000[Formula: see text]) system.
  • To elucidate the role of intervening solvent in particle alignment and coalescence.
  • To quantify the interparticle torque driving crystallographic alignment.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic force spectroscopy with nanoengineered single crystal probes.
  • Measurement of interparticle forces in aqueous solution.
  • Calculation of distance and orientation-dependent potentials of mean force.

Main Results:

  • An attractive force with 60° rotational periodicity was observed.
  • Attractive free energy wells were identified, dependent on intervening water layers.
  • Calculated activation energy accurately reproduced the measured 60° periodicity.

Conclusions:

  • Intervening water structuring is critical for generating interparticle torque.
  • This torque completes particle alignment and enables coalescence.
  • Findings advance understanding of mineralization and materials design.