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Pericardial Effusion.

Amir Azarbal1, Martin M LeWinter1

  • 1Cardiology Unit, The University of Vermont Medical Center, The University of Vermont, 111 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.

Cardiology Clinics
|October 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pericardial effusion, excess fluid around the heart, can cause cardiac tamponade. Management depends on tamponade presence, with pericardiocentesis for urgent cases and systematic diagnosis for others.

Keywords:
Cardiac tamponadeEchocardiographyPericardial effusionPericardiocentesisPericarditis

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • The pericardial sac normally contains up to 50 mL of plasma ultrafiltrate.
  • Pathologic pericardial effusion involves fluid accumulation exceeding normal limits.
  • The pericardial sac's pressure-volume dynamics influence hemodynamic consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes and management of pericardial effusion.
  • To highlight the critical role of cardiac tamponade in management decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on pericardial effusion.
  • Analysis of hemodynamic principles related to pericardial fluid accumulation.
  • Discussion of diagnostic and management strategies.

Main Results:

  • Common causes include idiopathic pericarditis, cancer, connective tissue disorders, and hemorrhage.
  • Rapid fluid accumulation can lead to cardiac tamponade.
  • Management is stratified based on the presence or threat of tamponade.

Conclusions:

  • Urgent pericardiocentesis is indicated for tamponade.
  • Non-tamponade effusions require a systematic diagnostic and management approach.