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Multifunctional Cytochrome c: Learning New Tricks from an Old Dog.

Damián Alvarez-Paggi1, Luciana Hannibal2,3, María A Castro1

  • 1Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina.

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Cytochrome c (cyt c) is a flexible protein with diverse roles beyond electron transfer. Its structure and function change under various conditions, leading to alternative conformations and disease associations.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cytochrome c (cyt c) is a small, soluble heme protein known for its structural flexibility.
  • Its native form functions in mitochondrial electron transfer, crucial for oxidative phosphorylation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on factors regulating cyt c's structure, dynamics, and thermodynamics.
  • To explore alternative functions and conformations of cyt c.
  • To present technological applications of cyt c.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Analysis of structural, dynamic, and thermodynamic data.
  • Examination of post-translational modifications, mutations, and electric field effects.

Main Results:

  • Cyt c exhibits diverse conformations influencing its redox properties, binding, and enzymatic activity.
  • Under stress, cyt c gains cardiolipin peroxidase activity, participates in apoptosis, and affects nuclear processes.
  • Post-translational modifications and mutations induce altered cyt c conformations and functions.
  • Cyt c is implicated in diseases associated with its maturation system and mutations.

Conclusions:

  • Cyt c is a moonlighting protein with multiple functions beyond its canonical role.
  • Understanding cyt c's conformational plasticity is key to elucidating its diverse biological roles and associated diseases.
  • Technological applications leveraging cyt c's unique properties are emerging.