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Updated: Feb 20, 2026

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    This study analyzes a harmonically mode-locked fiber laser with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). It reveals different mode-locking mechanisms at low and high repetition rates, with stability issues at higher rates.

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    Area of Science:

    • * Physics
    • * Optical Engineering
    • * Laser Science

    Background:

    • * Harmonically mode-locked fiber lasers are crucial for generating high-repetition-rate optical pulses.
    • * Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) offer tunability but can impact laser stability.
    • * Understanding the interplay between MZIs and mode-locking mechanisms is key for advanced laser design.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • * To develop a simple model for analyzing harmonically mode-locked fiber lasers with adjustable MZIs.
    • * To investigate the physical mechanisms governing laser operation across a GHz repetition rate range.
    • * To identify limitations and potential improvements for laser stability and tunability.

    Main Methods:

    • * Application of a simplified analytical model to a fiber laser system.
    • * Simulation and analysis of laser output characteristics at varying pulse repetition rates.
    • * Examination of mode-locking dynamics, including soliton formation and four-wave mixing.

    Main Results:

    • * Identified distinct mode-locking regimes: soliton mode-locking at low rates and dissipative four-wave mixing at high rates.
    • * Demonstrated that high repetition rates lead to low laser stability due to MZI's limited mode selectivity.
    • * Predicted a gap in pulse train generation between the two identified repetition rate ranges.

    Conclusions:

    • * The MZI's role shifts from saturable absorber triggering to seeding dissipative four-wave mixing as repetition rates increase.
    • * Single MZI-based lasers exhibit limited stability at high GHz repetition rates, operating only near the lasing threshold.
    • * Employing a double MZI configuration is proposed to enhance laser stability and extend tunability, overcoming current limitations.