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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...
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When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
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Evanescent coupling between refillable ring resonators and laser-inscribed optical waveguides.

Hengky Chandrahalim, Stephen C Rand, Xudong Fan

    Applied Optics
    |October 20, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We demonstrate novel evanescent coupling between optical ring resonators and waveguides for reconfigurable photonic devices. This technology enables stable, renewable on-chip applications like lasers and sensors.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and optical engineering
    • Materials science
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Whispering gallery mode resonators are crucial for integrated optics.
    • Evanescent coupling enables efficient light transfer between optical components.
    • On-chip photonic devices require stable and reconfigurable designs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate evanescent coupling between arbitrary-shaped waveguides and refillable optical ring resonators.
    • To develop a fabrication process for integrated photonic devices using standard lithography and 3D laser-writing.
    • To assess the stability and renewability of polymer-core ring resonators.

    Main Methods:

    • Finite element analysis and coupled-mode theory for theoretical investigation.
    • Standard lithography for resonator fabrication and 3D ultrafast laser-writing for waveguide imprinting.
    • Experimental characterization of coupling Q-factor (QC), loaded Q-factor (QT), and free spectral range (FSR).

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a coupling Q-factor (QC) of approximately 106.
    • Demonstrated a loaded Q-factor (QT) up to 5.4×104 and an FSR of 406 pm at 775 nm.
    • Confirmed long-term spectral stability and renewability of the polymer-core ring resonator over 1 month.

    Conclusions:

    • Successfully demonstrated evanescent coupling for reconfigurable photonic devices.
    • The developed fabrication method allows for precise integration of waveguides and resonators.
    • The renewable polymer core design opens avenues for advanced on-chip photonic applications.