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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Inducing Post-Traumatic Epilepsy in a Mouse Model of Repetitive Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury
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Treatment options for posttraumatic epilepsy.

Lara L Zimmermann1, Ryan M Martin, Fady Girgis

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California, Sacramento, California, USA.

Current Opinion in Neurology
|October 20, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Posttraumatic seizures (PTS) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) are common and worsen outcomes. Management strategies for PTS and posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) are reviewed, including medical and surgical options.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Posttraumatic seizures (PTS) and posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) are frequent and severe complications of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • Early PTS can exacerbate secondary brain injury, increasing intracranial pressure, cerebral edema, and metabolic crisis.
  • The risk factors for PTE and the mechanisms of epileptogenesis following TBI are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current medical and surgical management options for PTS in adults and children.
  • To discuss surgical interventions for posttraumatic drug-resistant epilepsy.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding risk factors for PTE and epileptogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on the medical and surgical management of PTS and PTE.
  • Discussion of the role of continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) in TBI patients with coma.
  • Analysis of the neuroinflammatory processes involved in secondary brain injury and epileptogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Continuous EEG is crucial for identifying nonconvulsive seizures and periodic discharges in TBI patients with coma, as these are associated with secondary brain injury.
  • Neuroinflammation is a key factor in secondary brain injury and plays a significant role in epileptogenesis.
  • Levetiracetam is frequently used for seizure prophylaxis in both adults and children post-TBI, though its efficacy can vary.

Conclusions:

  • PTS are common after TBI and are linked to secondary brain injury and poorer outcomes in both adults and children.
  • Comprehensive management strategies, encompassing both medical and surgical approaches, are essential for addressing PTS and PTE.
  • Further research into risk factors and epileptogenesis is critical for improving patient outcomes.