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Related Concept Videos

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
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Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth during mastication, or chewing. The masticated carbohydrates remain intact in the stomach. Digestion resumes in the duodenum of the small intestine, where pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes of the microvilli convert complex carbohydrates to monosaccharides. Finally, the monosaccharides...
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Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...
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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries
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Endogenous Enzymes in Root Caries.

Tchilalo Boukpessi, Suzanne Menashi, Catherine Chaussain

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Root caries, like coronal caries, stems from demineralization. Bacterial shifts activate host enzymes that degrade dentin and cementum, causing permanent damage.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Dental Science
    • Microbiology

    Background:

    • Root caries develops from demineralization exceeding remineralization.
    • This process involves a shift towards acid-producing bacteria, damaging dental tissues.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the organic matrices of cementum and dentin.
    • To explain the role of endogenous proteases in root caries.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review on root caries.
    • Analysis of bacterial shifts and enzyme activation in dental caries.

    Main Results:

    • Root caries involves bacterial acid production activating matrix metalloproteinases and cathepsins.
    • These enzymes degrade the organic matrix of cementum and dentin.

    Conclusions:

    • Endogenous proteases play a significant role in the progression of root caries.
    • Understanding these enzymes is crucial for managing root caries progression.