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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Intratibial Osteosarcoma Cell Injection to Generate Orthotopic Osteosarcoma and Lung Metastasis Mouse Models
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MicroRNA-497 suppress osteosarcoma by targeting MAPK/Erk pathway.

Z L Gui, T L Wu, G C Zhao

    Bratislavske Lekarske Listy
    |October 21, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    MicroRNA-497 (miRNA-497) promotes osteosarcoma cell apoptosis by inhibiting the MAPK/Erk pathway and activating P21 expression. This study elucidates a novel mechanism for targeting osteosarcoma progression.

    Keywords:
    MAPK/Erk P21.MG-63apoptosismiRNA-497

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Oncology
    • Cell Biology

    Background:

    • Osteosarcoma is a primary bone malignancy with limited treatment options.
    • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of osteosarcoma cell apoptosis is crucial for developing targeted therapies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role and mechanism of microRNA-497 (miRNA-497) in regulating apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells.
    • To explore the potential of miRNA-497 as a therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.

    Main Methods:

    • MG-63 osteosarcoma cells were transfected with miRNA-497 mimics.
    • Cell proliferation was assessed using MTT assay.
    • Apoptosis rates were determined by flow cytometry.
    • Gene and protein expression of MAPK, Erk, and P21 were analyzed via RT-PCR and Western blot.

    Main Results:

    • Transfection with miRNA-497 significantly reduced osteosarcoma cell proliferation.
    • A notable increase in apoptosis rates was observed in the miRNA-497 group compared to controls (32.17% vs. 8.40%).
    • Gene and protein expression levels of MAPK, Erk, and P21 were significantly altered in the miRNA-497 group.

    Conclusions:

    • MiRNA-497 promotes osteosarcoma cell apoptosis.
    • MiRNA-497 functions by inhibiting the MAPK/Erk signaling pathway, leading to the activation of P21.
    • These findings highlight miRNA-497 as a potential therapeutic agent for osteosarcoma.