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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
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Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Progenitor Cell Metabolism
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Metabolic shift in density-dependent stem cell differentiation.

Simar J Singh1, William Turner2, Drew E Glaser2

  • 1Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.

Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS
|October 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell seeding density significantly influences vascular progenitor cell (VPC) differentiation from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). High density promotes VPC production by altering cellular metabolism and gene expression, crucial for regenerative medicine.

Keywords:
Cancer stem cellsCell adhesionCell communicationCell contactCell seeding densityDifferentiationEmbryonic stem cellsEndothelial cellsFlow cytometryFluorescence-activated cell sortingMetabolismMetabolomicsMicroenvironmentNMRStem cellsSystems biologyVascular fateVascular progenitor cells

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Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture
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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a source for vascular progenitor cells (VPCs).
  • Cell seeding density, not VEGF, is critical for directing ESCs into FLK1+ VPCs.
  • Investigating cell-to-cell signaling and metabolism in VPC production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the role of cell density in ESC differentiation into VPCs.
  • To understand the contribution of cellular metabolism and signaling pathways.
  • To identify key molecular markers associated with VPC differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • 1D 1H-NMR spectroscopy for metabolic analysis.
  • Transcriptomic arrays for gene expression profiling.
  • Flow cytometry for cell surface marker analysis.

Main Results:

  • High cell density correlated with altered metabolism (e.g., reduced glycolysis, lactate production) and increased cell size.
  • Low cell density showed increased glycolysis, lactate secretion, and proliferation.
  • Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of NOTCH and CDH genes at high densities.

Conclusions:

  • Cell seeding density is a critical factor in ESC-derived VPC differentiation.
  • A distinct metabolic phenotype is associated with VPC differentiation.
  • Upregulation of specific genes at high densities suggests roles in vascular development.