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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Transporters01:31

Membrane Transporters

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Transporters are essential membrane transport proteins with functions related to cell nutrition, homeostasis, communication, etc. Approximately 7% of all genes in the human genome code for transporters or transporter-related proteins.
Transporters are mainly composed of alpha-helices, built from bundles of ten or more helices traversing the plasma membrane. The solute-binding sites are located midway, where some of the helices are broken or distorted, making space for the binding site through...
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Drug Absorption Mechanism: Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport01:19

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Certain large, lipid-insoluble drug molecules that resemble amino acids, peptides, or glucose, require specialized carrier proteins to facilitate their diffusion across cell membranes. This transport can occur through either facilitated diffusion, which does not require energy input, or active transport, which does require energy input.
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Primary Active Transport01:29

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

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Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
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The Significance of Membrane Transport01:44

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The transport of solutes across the cell membrane is essential for metabolic processes, like maintaining cell size and volume, generating the action potential, exchanging nutrients and gases, etc. Membrane transport can be either passive or active. It can be simple diffusion, facilitated, or mediated transport aided by transport proteins such as transporters and channels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Introduction to Solid Supported Membrane Based Electrophysiology
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A symporter's secrets shown.

Caitlin Sedwick

    The Journal of General Physiology
    |October 22, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study investigates the thermodynamic cycle and cation preference of the sugar symporter MelB. Understanding these aspects is crucial for nutrient transport mechanisms.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Molecular Biology
    • Membrane Transport

    Background:

    • Sugar symporters are essential membrane proteins involved in nutrient uptake.
    • MelB is a well-characterized sugar symporter that utilizes an]];m_category': '', 'text': 'electrochemical gradient.',
    • Purpose_of_the_Study: [
    • To elucidate the thermodynamic cycle governing MelB function.
    • To determine the cation preference of MelB for substrate transport.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the thermodynamic cycle governing MelB function.
    • To determine the cation preference of MelB for substrate transport.

    Main Methods:

    • Computational modeling of the thermodynamic cycle.
    • Site-directed mutagenesis to probe cation binding sites.
    • Biochemical assays to measure transport activity.

    Main Results:

    • The study reveals a detailed thermodynamic cycle for MelB.
    • Specific cations were identified as preferred co-transporters for sugar uptake.
    • The findings provide insights into the mechanism of sugar-tryptophan co-transport.

    Conclusions:

    • MelB operates via a defined thermodynamic cycle.
    • Cation preference significantly influences MelB's transport efficiency.
    • This research deepens the understanding of secondary active transport mechanisms.