Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

9.9K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
9.9K
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

8.3K
In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
8.3K
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

15.9K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
15.9K
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

57.7K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
57.7K
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

60.8K
Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
60.8K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

1.4K
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

ADAR3 modulates neuronal differentiation and regulates mRNA stability and translation.

Nucleic acids research·2024
Same author

Detection of transcriptome-wide microRNA-target interactions in single cells with agoTRIBE.

Nature biotechnology·2023
Same author

ADAR1- and ADAR2-mediated regulation of maturation and targeting of miR-376b to modulate GABA neurotransmitter catabolism.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2022
Same author

Spatiotemporal mapping of RNA editing in the developing mouse brain using in situ sequencing reveals regional and cell-type-specific regulation.

BMC biology·2020
Same author

ADAR1 Editing and its Role in Cancer.

Genes·2018
Same author

Nucleotide exchange factors Fes1 and HspBP1 mimic substrate to release misfolded proteins from Hsp70.

Nature structural & molecular biology·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

A Computational Pipeline for Intergenic/Intragenic Enhancer RNA Quantification in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
06:02

A Computational Pipeline for Intergenic/Intragenic Enhancer RNA Quantification in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: October 28, 2025

578

Editing inducer elements increases A-to-I editing efficiency in the mammalian transcriptome.

Chammiran Daniel1, Albin Widmark1, Ditte Rigardt1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.

Genome Biology
|October 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing efficiency relies on specific double-stranded RNA structures called editing inducer elements (EIEs). These EIEs are crucial for recruiting ADAR enzymes and ensuring accurate RNA modifications in both coding and non-coding RNAs.

Keywords:
ADARAdenosine deaminationEIEGlutamate receptorRNA editingmiRNA

More Related Videos

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
08:50

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing

Published on: April 21, 2022

3.0K
Author Spotlight: Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages for Precise Gene Disruption
04:51

Author Spotlight: Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages for Precise Gene Disruption

Published on: August 4, 2023

2.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 20, 2026

A Computational Pipeline for Intergenic/Intragenic Enhancer RNA Quantification in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
06:02

A Computational Pipeline for Intergenic/Intragenic Enhancer RNA Quantification in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: October 28, 2025

578
A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
08:50

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing

Published on: April 21, 2022

3.0K
Author Spotlight: Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages for Precise Gene Disruption
04:51

Author Spotlight: Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages for Precise Gene Disruption

Published on: August 4, 2023

2.4K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is vital for mammalian neuronal function and innate immunity.
  • Efficient catalysis of A-to-I editing requires double-stranded RNA structures, but factors influencing efficiency and specificity in vivo are not fully understood.
  • Previous research indicated that some editing sites depend on adjacent long stem-loop structures, termed editing inducer elements (EIEs), for efficient editing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of RNA secondary structures in determining the efficiency and specificity of A-to-I RNA editing.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which editing inducer elements (EIEs) facilitate ADAR enzyme recruitment and catalysis.
  • To propose a general model for substrate recognition and editing efficiency in A-to-I RNA modification.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the glutamate receptor subunit A2 Q/R editing site.
  • Identification and characterization of conserved, structured EIEs flanking editing sites.
  • Comparative analysis of editing efficiency at sites with and without EIEs.
  • Investigation of EIE function in non-coding primary miRNAs.

Main Results:

  • Efficient editing of the glutamate receptor subunit A2 Q/R site requires a downstream intronic EIE.
  • Conserved, highly structured EIEs are associated with efficiently edited sites, while EIE-lacking sites show low editing levels.
  • EIEs are utilized by non-coding primary miRNAs to recruit ADAR for site-specific editing.

Conclusions:

  • A model is proposed where efficient A-to-I editing requires two distinct dsRNA regions: a stem for ADAR recruitment and a shorter duplex for catalysis.
  • This finding redefines the substrate requirements for A-to-I editing.
  • The discovery has implications for identifying novel editing sites and understanding disease-associated alterations in RNA editing.