Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 20, 2026
10:50
Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
Published on: March 26, 2019
8.3K
Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System
Jennifer Mandal1, Sharon A Chung1
1Division of Rheumatology, Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Medical Sciences S865, Box 0500, San Francisco, CA 94143-0500, USA.
Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America
|October 25, 2017
Summary
Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) presents diverse neurologic symptoms and is not a single disease. Diagnosis can be challenging, as brain biopsy lacks high sensitivity and specificity, necessitating evaluation for other conditions.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Immunology
- Vascular Medicine
Background:
- Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare condition.
- It presents with a wide range of neurological symptoms, making it a diagnostic challenge.
- PACNS encompasses various subtypes affecting different CNS components and vessels.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the diagnostic considerations for PACNS.
- To highlight the challenges in diagnosing PACNS.
- To outline current treatment strategies for PACNS.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of PACNS cases and diagnostic approaches.
- Analysis of clinical manifestations and diagnostic test utility.
- Summary of treatment protocols.
Main Results:
- PACNS is an umbrella term for distinct subtypes with varied pathology.
- Brain biopsy, the gold standard, has limitations in sensitivity and specificity.
- Differential diagnosis must include mimics of PACNS.
Conclusions:
- Accurate diagnosis of PACNS requires considering its heterogeneous nature and limitations of diagnostic tools.
- Prompt identification and treatment are crucial for managing this rare condition.
- Treatment typically involves corticosteroids, often with immunosuppressants.
Related Concept Videos
01:26Arteries of the Head and Neck
3.7K
The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
3.7K
01:10The Arch of Aorta
2.0K
The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...
2.0K
01:30Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction
426
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
426
01:10Mechanism of Angiogenesis
7.1K
Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
7.1K
01:29Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route
1.9K
The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
1.9K
01:21Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation
477
Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
477