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Management of Insomnia01:19

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The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and waking up too early without being able to return to sleep. People with insomnia often experience these disruptions at least three nights a week for at least one month. Chronic insomnia, which lasts for at least three months, can lead to increased anxiety, which in turn can worsen sleep difficulties, creating a cycle of sleeplessness and stress.
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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
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Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...
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Insomnia heterogeneity: Characteristics to consider for data-driven multivariate subtyping.

Jeroen S Benjamins1, Filippo Migliorati2, Kim Dekker3

  • 1Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Sleep Medicine Reviews
|October 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insomnia may have distinct subtypes, each with unique characteristics beyond sleep. This review compiles these traits to enable data-driven subtype discovery using new online tools and methods.

Keywords:
Disease historyInsomniaInternetLatent class analysisLife eventsMultivariate methodologyPhenotypeQuestionnairesSubtypeTraits

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine
  • Behavioral Science
  • Genetics and Epidemiology

Background:

  • Existing meta-analyses show limited consistency in insomnia characteristics.
  • This suggests the existence of distinct insomnia subtypes, each with unique multivariate profiles.
  • Unrecognized subtypes dilute effect sizes, hindering consistent reporting in studies and meta-analyses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To complement meta-analyses by compiling a comprehensive list of previously reported psychometric characteristics of insomnia.
  • To highlight that insomnia's characteristics extend beyond sleep disturbances.
  • To provide a foundation for data-driven insomnia subtype discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of previously reported psychometric characteristics of insomnia.
  • Compilation of a broad range of characteristics, including demographics, health, trauma, life events, and psychological factors.
  • Proposal of a multivariate approach utilizing internet-based assessment and statistical methods like latent class analysis for subtype identification.

Main Results:

  • Insomnia is associated with a wide array of characteristics beyond sleep, including mental and physical health, childhood trauma, life events, fatigue, sleepiness, hyperarousal, other sleep disorders, chronotype, depression, anxiety, mood, quality of life, personality traits, and cognitive patterns.
  • These characteristics encompass demographics, health, trauma, life events, fatigue, sleepiness, hyperarousal, other sleep disorders, sleep history, chronotype, mood disorders, quality of life, personality, happiness, worry, rumination, self-consciousness, sensitivity, beliefs, emotion regulation, coping, and mentation.
  • The identified characteristics provide a basis for a comprehensive, bottom-up, data-driven search for insomnia subtypes.

Conclusions:

  • Insomnia is a multifaceted condition with characteristics extending far beyond sleep disturbances.
  • A comprehensive, multivariate approach is necessary to identify distinct insomnia subtypes.
  • The proposed methodology, utilizing online platforms and advanced statistical techniques, facilitates data-driven subtype discovery and global collaboration.