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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example
08:45

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

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Effect of EEG Referencing Methods on Auditory Mismatch Negativity.

Yatin Mahajan1,2, Varghese Peter1, Mridula Sharma2,3

  • 1The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|October 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The choice of reference electrode method (REST, LM, AVG) does not impact auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) latency or amplitude changes with frequency deviance. Auditory ERPs generated using REST referencing depend more on electrode arrays than AVG referencing.

Keywords:
RESTevent related potentialmismatch negativityreference

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Perception
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) are crucial for studying auditory and cognitive processing.
  • A lack of consensus exists regarding the optimal reference electrode for auditory ERPs.
  • Common methods like linked mastoids (LM) and average referencing (AVG) do not provide a truly neutral reference, leading to the development of the Reference Electrode Standardization Technique (REST).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the influence of REST, LM, and AVG referencing methods on the amplitude and latency of auditory mismatch negativity (MMN).
  • To investigate these effects across different electrode montages (16, 32, and 64 channels).
  • To determine if referencing methods affect the MMN's response to varying frequency deviance magnitudes.

Main Methods:

  • 12 young adults with normal hearing participated in an auditory oddball paradigm.
  • Standard tone: 1,000 Hz; Deviant tones: 1,030 Hz (small), 1,100 Hz (medium), 1,200 Hz (large).
  • EEG data were re-referenced using REST, LM, and AVG methods across 16-, 32-, and 64-channel montages.

Main Results:

  • MMN latency decreased as the frequency deviance increased.
  • No significant effect of frequency deviance magnitude on MMN amplitude was observed.
  • Referencing procedures did not influence the observed experimental effects on MMN.
  • LM referencing yielded the largest MMN amplitude; REST referencing produced the largest MMN amplitude in the 64-channel montage.
  • AVG referencing showed no effect of electrode montage.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of auditory ERP referencing method (REST, LM, AVG) does not alter the MMN's response to increasing frequency deviance.
  • REST-referenced auditory ERPs appear more dependent on the electrode array configuration compared to AVG-referenced ERPs.