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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
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Virus-Specific T Cells for the Immunocompromised Patient.

Amy Houghtelin1, Catherine M Bollard1

  • 1Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|October 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Adoptive cell therapy using virus-specific T cells (VSTs) offers a safe and effective treatment for viral infections in immunocompromised patients. Banking third-party VSTs can overcome donor availability and production time challenges for timely patient access.

Keywords:
adoptivecell therapyex vivo expansionimmunocompromised hostimmunotherapyposttransplant complicationsvirus-specific T cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hematologic cancers and solid tumors often relapse or become refractory to treatment, with limited salvage options.
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is curative but associated with risks like graft-versus-host disease and severe immunosuppression.
  • Viral infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, with limited effective and safe treatment options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate adoptive cell therapy with virus-specific T cells (VSTs) as a targeted treatment for viral infections in immunocompromised patients.
  • To explore the potential of multi-VST products for prophylaxis and treatment of viral infections post-HSCT.
  • To address challenges in VST therapy, including donor availability and product generation time.

Main Methods:

  • Development of VST products targeting specific viral antigens, including multi-antigen products.
  • Generation of VSTs from various sources: autologous, allogeneic, and third-party donors (including haploidentical).
  • Investigation of VSTs for both treatment and prophylaxis of viral infections, particularly CMV and EBV.

Main Results:

  • VSTs demonstrate efficacy and minimal toxicity in immunocompromised patients with CMV and EBV infections.
  • Multi-VST products achieve 70-90% protection rates when used prophylactically.
  • VSTs can be generated from diverse donor sources, including third-party donors, overcoming some logistical hurdles.

Conclusions:

  • Adoptive cell therapy with VSTs is a promising strategy for managing viral infections in immunocompromised patients.
  • Banking third-party VSTs offers a solution to donor availability and rapid product generation needs.
  • Ongoing research focuses on epitope discovery, optimizing VST generation, and enhancing VST persistence and efficacy.