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Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...

Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

A Rat Tibial Growth Plate Injury Model to Characterize Repair Mechanisms and Evaluate Growth Plate Regeneration Strategies

A Rat Tibial Growth Plate Injury Model to Characterize Repair Mechanisms and Evaluate Growth Plate Regeneration Strategies

Published on: July 4, 2017

Diaphyseal Nonunion in Children.

Je Hyoung Yeo¹, Sung Taek Jung, Min Cheol Kim

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma

|October 28, 2017

Summary

Pediatric diaphyseal fracture nonunion is linked to high-energy trauma and surgical soft tissue damage. Careful surgical technique and adequate fixation are crucial to prevent nonunion and correct deformities.

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Establishing a Diaphyseal Femur Fracture Model in Mice

Establishing a Diaphyseal Femur Fracture Model in Mice

Published on: December 9, 2022

Area of Science:

Orthopedic surgery
Pediatric orthopedics
Trauma surgery

Background:

Diaphyseal fracture nonunion in children presents unique challenges.
Understanding contributing factors is essential for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify factors contributing to diaphyseal fracture nonunion in pediatric patients.
To guide treatment strategies based on a reviewed cohort.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 16 children treated for diaphyseal nonunion.
Analysis of clinical data including injury mechanism, treatment, and demographics.
Radiographic evaluation of fracture patterns and union progression.

Main Results:

Nonunion risk increased with high-energy trauma and iatrogenic soft tissue injury during open reduction.
Patient age influenced nonunion occurrence.
Follow-up duration and initial fixation adequacy were key factors.

Conclusions:

Age, high-energy trauma, and iatrogenic soft tissue injury are significant risk factors for pediatric diaphyseal nonunion.
Sufficient fixation and meticulous surgical technique are vital.
Correction of residual deformities should be considered during nonunion treatment.