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Related Concept Videos

Pericarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:19

Pericarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Pericarditis is distinguished by inflammation of the pericardium, the fibrous sac that encases the heart. It can be acute, lasting less than six weeks, or chronic, persisting for over three months. Understanding its clinical manifestations and diagnostic findings is crucial for timely and effective management.Clinical ManifestationsWhile pericarditis can be asymptomatic, it usually presents with characteristic symptoms such as:Chest Pain: The most characteristic symptom of pericarditis is chest...
378
Pericarditis I: Introduction01:22

Pericarditis I: Introduction

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Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...
461
Pericarditis III: Medical Management01:17

Pericarditis III: Medical Management

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The primary objectives of managing pericarditis are to determine the underlying cause, provide effective therapy for treatment and symptom relief, and promptly detect signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade. The following outlines the essential aspects of medical management for pericarditis:ObjectivesDetermine the Cause: Identifying the underlying cause of pericarditis is crucial for targeted treatment. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune diseases, post-cardiac injury syndrome, and...
391
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

589
Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
589
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

715
The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
715
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

355
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Tuberculous Pericardial Effusions in Children.

Ndidi J Obihara1, Elisabetta Walters2, John Lawrenson3

  • 1Faculty of Medical Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
|November 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Tuberculous pericardial effusion in children is uncommon, with high rates of HIV and confirmed tuberculosis. While chest radiography is less sensitive than sonography, it identifies large effusions, and outcomes are typically good, often impacted by other health conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Limited current data exists on childhood tuberculous pericardial effusion.
  • Tuberculosis affecting the pericardium in pediatric populations requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To retrospectively review cases of tuberculous pericardial effusion in children.
  • To analyze the prevalence of comorbidities and diagnostic imaging findings.
  • To assess treatment outcomes and identify factors influencing them.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case review of 30 children diagnosed with tuberculous pericardial effusion.
  • Analysis of patient demographics, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods (chest radiography, sonography), and treatment regimens.
  • Evaluation of outcomes, including resolution, complications, and mortality.

Main Results:

  • High prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection and culture-confirmed tuberculosis was observed.
  • Chest radiography demonstrated lower diagnostic sensitivity compared to sonography.
  • Sonography proved effective in diagnosing effusions, while chest radiography successfully identified large and complicated effusions.
  • Overall outcomes were favorable, with residual complications primarily linked to comorbid conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Tuberculous pericardial effusion in children, though rare, is associated with significant comorbidities like HIV.
  • A combination of diagnostic imaging modalities, including sonography and chest radiography, is valuable for detection and characterization.
  • Prompt diagnosis and management, alongside addressing comorbidities, are crucial for favorable outcomes in pediatric tuberculous pericardial effusion.