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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
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Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Additional Subnuclear Structures02:10

Additional Subnuclear Structures

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The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
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Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation
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Paxillin actions in the nucleus.

Xiaoting Ma1, Stephen R Hammes1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.

Steroids
|November 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paxillin, a focal adhesion protein, also regulates nuclear processes. It acts as a nuclear receptor and kinase co-regulator, impacting genomic signaling and mRNA translation.

Keywords:
AndrogenCancerCoregulatorNuclearPaxillin

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Paxillin is a LIM domain protein primarily known as a cytoplasmic scaffold protein involved in focal adhesion.
  • Emerging evidence suggests paxillin has broader functions beyond the cytoplasm.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the nuclear functions of paxillin.
  • To investigate paxillin's role as a co-regulator in nuclear signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • The study likely involved molecular biology techniques to identify nuclear binding partners of paxillin.
  • Functional assays were probably used to assess paxillin's role in nuclear receptor and kinase activity.

Main Results:

  • Paxillin cycles between the cytoplasm and nucleus.
  • Paxillin interacts with nuclear binding partners.
  • Paxillin functions as a co-regulator for nuclear receptors and kinases, influencing genomic signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Paxillin's functions extend to the nucleus, where it plays a role in regulating gene expression.
  • Paxillin acts as a critical mediator in nuclear signaling pathways, impacting genomic responses.