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Related Concept Videos

Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
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Ribosomes01:27

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis
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What makes ribosomes tick?

Sarah Catherine Mills1, Ramya Enganti1, Albrecht G von Arnim1,2

  • 1a Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology , The University of Tennessee , Knoxville , TN , USA.

RNA Biology
|November 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Daily rhythms in protein production are not solely due to gene transcription. New research reveals widespread, rhythmic control of mRNA translation efficiency across many species, impacting key proteins.

Keywords:
Protein synthesisRNA, circadian clockdiurnal cycleribosome

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Chronobiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Circadian clocks regulate daily gene expression rhythms in most organisms, primarily via transcriptional control.
  • Rhythmic transcription alone cannot account for all observed daily protein level variations.
  • Diel (daily) dynamics of mRNA translation into protein were poorly understood until recently.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of mRNA translation efficiency in daily rhythms of protein accumulation.
  • To explore the prevalence and patterns of diel translation across different eukaryotic organisms.
  • To identify parallels and differences in translational control mechanisms influenced by the circadian clock and environmental factors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recent studies examining diel cycles of translation efficiency in animals and plants.
  • Comparative analysis of translational control patterns in mammals and plants.
  • Identification of specific protein types (e.g., ribosomal, mitochondrial) under translational regulation.

Main Results:

  • Diel cycles of translation efficiency are widespread across eukaryotes.
  • Significant parallels exist in diel translation patterns between mammals and plants.
  • Ribosomal and mitochondrial proteins are under translational control in diverse species.

Conclusions:

  • Circadian regulation of protein accumulation involves rhythmic mRNA translation efficiency, not just transcription.
  • Diel translational control is a conserved mechanism with conserved targets (e.g., ribosomal proteins) across kingdoms.
  • The integration of circadian, light-dark, and nutritional signals in regulating translation varies among organisms, requiring further research.