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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his pea plant breeding experiments, providing evidence for predictable patterns in the inheritance of physical characteristics. The significance of his findings was not immediately recognized. In fact, the existence of genes was unknown at the time. Mendel referred to hereditary units as “factors.”
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Stable Isotope In-Vivo Labeling for Mass-Spectrometry Identification of Paternal Metabolites Transferred from Sperm to Oocyte During Fertilization
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Heritable sperm chromatin epigenetics: a break to remember.

Ralph G Meyer1,2, Chelsea C Ketchum1,2, Mirella L Meyer-Ficca1

  • 1Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.

Biology of Reproduction
|November 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Sperm chromatin remodeling during spermiogenesis involves DNA breaks and DNA damage response pathways. These events modify histones, impacting embryonic development and potentially causing infertility.

Keywords:
ADP-ribosePARPchromatinepigeneticsgametogenesishistone modificationsmale infertilityreprogrammingspermspermatidspermatogenesisspermiogenesistestistopoisomerase

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Sperm chromatin structure is crucial for protecting paternal DNA and providing epigenetic information for embryonic development.
  • Postmeiotic chromatin remodeling in spermiogenesis replaces nucleosomes with protamines, leaving essential histone modifications.
  • Understanding how sperm epigenetic programming occurs and its susceptibility to external factors is vital for male germline inheritance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of postmeiotic chromatin remodeling in spermiogenesis.
  • To explore the role of DNA strand breaks and DNA damage response pathways in histone modification.
  • To understand the implications for intergenerational epigenetic inheritance and male infertility.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on topoisomerase II beta-mediated transient DNA strand breaks.
  • Analysis of subsequent DNA damage response pathways.
  • Investigation of histone post-translational modifications during spermiogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Transient DNA strand breaks and DNA damage response pathways are proposed to induce specific histone modifications.
  • These modifications contribute to chromatin remodeling in elongating spermatids.
  • Potential defects in these pathways may be linked to male gametogenesis pathologies and infertility.

Conclusions:

  • Postmeiotic chromatin programming involves DNA breaks and DNA damage response pathways.
  • These pathways influence chromatin remodeling and intergenerational epigenetic inheritance.
  • Dysregulation may contribute to male infertility and abnormal gametogenesis.