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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets
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HDL functionality in type 1 diabetes.

Shiva Ganjali1, Geesje M Dallinga-Thie2, Luis E Simental-Mendía3

  • 1Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

Atherosclerosis
|November 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Even with normal HDL-C levels, altered HDL function in T1D patients may contribute to this heightened risk.

Keywords:
Anti-inflammatory activityAnti-oxidant activityCholesterol effluxHDL functionalityType 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease causing insulin deficiency.
  • T1D patients face elevated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
  • High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a CVD risk marker, but its role in T1D is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on HDL function as a CVD risk factor in T1D.
  • To explore how HDL particle composition and function changes impact CVD risk in T1D.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating HDL in T1D patients.
  • Analysis of data on HDL-C levels, particle composition, and functional assays.

Main Results:

  • Conflicting data exists on HDL-C levels in T1D.
  • T1D is associated with altered HDL particle composition and impaired function (cholesterol efflux, anti-inflammatory/antioxidant activities).
  • These functional deficits may increase CVD risk independently of HDL-C levels.

Conclusions:

  • HDL function, not just HDL-C levels, is crucial for understanding CVD risk in T1D.
  • Further research into HDL functionality is needed to elucidate T1D-associated cardiovascular complications.