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Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

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Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
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Leaving Groups

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The nature of leaving groups strongly influences the outcome of a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
In general, in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a nucleophile displaces a functional group, called the leaving group, from the substrate to give a substituted product. A leaving group departs the substrate molecule through heterolytic cleavage, taking the pair of electrons with it to become a relatively stable weak base in the form of an anion or a neutral molecule.  
In a...
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

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Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
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ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens01:24

ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

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Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
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Identification and Quantification of Decomposition Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Batteries; Input to Heat Flow Simulation for Modeling Thermal Runaway
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Fluoride substitution in LiBH4; destabilization and decomposition.

Bo Richter1, Dorthe B Ravnsbæk, Manish Sharma

  • 1Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. trj@chem.au.dk.

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|November 7, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fluoride substitution in lithium borohydride (LiBH₄) significantly lowers decomposition temperature to 80 °C. This destabilization, forming LiBH₄-xFx, is crucial for advanced material applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Lithium borohydride (LiBH₄) is a promising material for hydrogen storage.
  • Destabilizing LiBH₄ is key to improving its practical applications.
  • Fluoride substitution is explored as a method to modify LiBH₄ properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of fluoride substitution on LiBH₄.
  • To characterize the decomposition behavior of fluoride-substituted LiBH₄.
  • To explore methods for achieving fluoride substitution in LiBH₄.

Main Methods:

  • In situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD).
  • Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry with gas analysis (TGA/DSC-MS).
  • In situ infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
  • Rietveld refinement for quantifying substitution.

Main Results:

  • Fluoride substitution in LiBH₄ (forming LiBH₄-xFx) was achieved using LiBH₄-LiBF₄ mixtures.
  • Decomposition temperature was reduced over fourfold, starting at 80 °C.
  • Formation of LiF and diborane release confirmed the LiBH₄-xFx composition.
  • Addition of Et₃N·3HF to LiBH₄ resulted in extremely unstable products, indicating spontaneous decomposition.

Conclusions:

  • Fluoride substitution significantly destabilizes LiBH₄, lowering its decomposition temperature.
  • The LiBH₄-xFx composition, particularly LiBH₃F, facilitates diborane and LiF formation.
  • This study presents a significant destabilization effect for borohydride materials, opening avenues for new applications.