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Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

2.3K
Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

4.3K
The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

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Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Human Primary Trophoblast Cell Culture Model to Study the Protective Effects of Melatonin Against Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Disruption
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Hypoxia and Placental Development.

Michael J Soares1,2,3, Khursheed Iqbal1, Keisuke Kozai1

  • 1Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.

Birth Defects Research
|November 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Trophoblast stem cell differentiation, crucial for placental development, is regulated by oxygen levels. Understanding these processes, particularly in response to hypoxia, is key to preventing pregnancy pathologies.

Keywords:
hypoxiahypoxia inducible factorplacenta developmenttrophoblast cell invasion

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Cellular biology

Background:

  • Hemochorial placentation relies on trophoblast stem/progenitor cell differentiation.
  • Trophoblast specialization for invasion and spiral artery remodeling is environmentally sensitive and prone to errors.
  • Hypoxia is a critical signaling molecule in placental development and adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of molecular mechanisms in trophoblast cell adaptation to hypoxia.
  • To explore hypoxia as an experimental tool for studying hemochorial placentation.
  • To understand how placental development is conserved across species and can be modeled.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling developmental events in trophoblast stem cells.
  • Utilizing genetically manipulated rodents for hypothesis testing.
  • Analyzing cellular adaptations to low oxygen tension.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia influences trophoblast cell differentiation and placental development.
  • Mechanisms of cellular adaptation to hypoxia are integral to placentation.
  • Dysmorphogenesis in pathologic states can arise from environmental sensitivities.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoxia is a key regulator of trophoblast cell fate and placental development.
  • Understanding trophoblast plasticity is vital for a healthy pregnancy.
  • Dysfunctional placentation due to hypoxia can lead to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.