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Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation01:01

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Benzaldehyde, like formaldehyde, lacks an α hydrogen and cannot enolize to form an enolate. Hence, the reaction of benzaldehyde with a ketone in the presence of an aqueous base forms a single crossed product. This reaction is referred to as Claisen–Schmidt condensation.
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Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Like aldehydes, ketones are named using IUPAC rules; in this case, by replacing “e” in the name of the longest hydrocarbon chain with “one.” In acyclic ketones, the ketonic carbon is given the lowest locant value. For instance, as shown below, a simple five-carbon ketone is named pentan-2-one, instead of pentan-4-one. IUPAC rules also allow the placing of the locant value before the parent name to give an alternate name, 2-pentanone.
7.7K
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Common Names of Aldehydes and Ketones

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Some common aldehydes and ketones are popularly known by their common names used historically and predate the IUPAC nomenclature.   
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On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes
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Adiponitrile at 100 K.

Rüdiger W Seidel1, Richard Goddard1, Nils Nöthling1

  • 1Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.

Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry
|November 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of adiponitrile, a key Nylon 66 intermediate, was determined at 100 K. Adiponitrile molecules adopt a specific gauche-anti-gauche conformation in the crystal lattice.

Keywords:
adiponitrilecrystal structurehexanedinitrilein situ cryocrystallographypolyamide Nylon 66synthetic intermediate

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Adiponitrile (C6H8N2) is a crucial industrial intermediate.
  • It is essential for the large-scale synthesis of polyamide Nylon 66.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the precise crystal and molecular structure of adiponitrile.
  • To investigate its structural conformation and intermolecular interactions in the solid state.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed.
  • Crystallization was achieved by growing a suitable crystal from the melt at low temperature (100 K).

Main Results:

  • Adiponitrile crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c.
  • The molecule exhibits an exact Ci-symmetric gauche-anti-gauche conformation of its carbon backbone.
  • Dense molecular packing was observed with short intermolecular contacts between hydrogen and nitrile nitrogen atoms.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides detailed structural insights into adiponitrile.
  • Understanding the molecular conformation and packing is vital for its industrial applications in Nylon 66 production.