TiO₂ with Tandem Fractionation (TAFT): An Approach for Rapid, Deep, Reproducible, and High-Throughput Phosphoproteome...

Mass-spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic workflows traditionally require efficient prefractionation and enrichment of phosphopeptides to gain an in-depth, global, and unbiased systematic investigation of phosphoproteome. Here we present TiO₂ with tandem fractionation (TAFT) approach, which combines titanium dioxide (TiO₂) enrichment and tandem high-pH reverse-phase (HpRP) for phosphoproteome analysis in a high-throughput manner; the entire workflow takes only 3 h to complete without laborious phosphopeptide preparation. We applied this approach to HeLa and HepG2.2.15 cells to characterize the capability of TAFT approach, which enables deep identification and quantification of more than 14 000 unique phosphopeptides in a single sample from 1 mg of protein as starting materials in <4 h of MS measurement. In total, we identified and quantified 21 281 phosphosites in two cell lines with >91% selectivity and high quantitative reproducibility (average Pearson correlation is 0.90 between biological replicates). More generally, the presented approach enables rapid, deep, and reproducible phosphoproteome analysis in a high-throughput manner with low cost, which should facilitate our understanding of signaling networks in a wide range of biological systems or the process of clinical applications.