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Built Environment and Active Commuting: Rural-Urban Differences in the U.S.

Jessie X Fan1, Ming Wen2, Neng Wan3

  • 1Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, 225 S 1400 E AEB 228, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0080.

SSM - Population Health
|November 11, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Active commuting (AC) rates differ significantly between rural and urban areas, with rural areas showing higher walking rates and urban areas higher public transit use. Built environment factors influence AC differently based on location, highlighting the need for tailored strategies.

Keywords:
Census tractsactive commutingactive transportationbuilt environmentruralurban

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Urban Planning
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Active commuting (AC) is crucial for public health and environmental sustainability.
  • Understanding rural-urban disparities in AC is essential for effective public health interventions.
  • Built environmental factors are known correlates of AC, but their influence may vary by geographic context.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate rural-urban differences in participation rates for walking, biking, and public transportation to work.
  • To identify built environmental correlates of active commuting in rural versus urban settings.
  • To examine how the relationship between the built environment and AC differs between rural and urban areas.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 2010 Census data for 70,172 Census tracts (12,844 rural, 57,328 urban).
  • Calculation of AC rates (walking, biking, public transportation) for workers aged 16+.
  • Application of random-intercept fractional logit regressions to model AC rates and their environmental correlates, accounting for data characteristics and geographic clustering.

Main Results:

  • Average walking rates were higher in rural areas (3.44%) compared to urban areas (2.77%).
  • Biking rates were higher in urban areas (0.58%) than rural areas (0.40%).
  • Public transportation use was substantially higher in urban areas (5.86%) versus rural areas (0.59%).
  • Tract greenness negatively associated with walking in both settings.
  • Street connectivity and population density showed opposite associations with walking and public transportation in rural versus urban tracts.

Conclusions:

  • Rurality significantly moderates the relationship between the built environment and active commuting.
  • Tailored strategies considering rural-urban differences are necessary to promote active commuting effectively.
  • Ignoring these disparities may lead to unintended consequences in public health and transportation planning.