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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used....
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

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Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
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Related Experiment Video

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Measurement of Total Calcium in Neurons by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis
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Low-dose electron energy-loss spectroscopy using electron counting direct detectors.

Alan Maigné1, Matthias Wolf1

  • 1Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate School, Okinawa Prefecture, Kunigami District, Onna, Tancha 191-1, 904-0495,Japan.

Microscopy (Oxford, England)
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Summary

Electron-counting cameras significantly improve electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) signal-to-noise ratios, enabling detection of chemical changes in biological proteins with very low electron doses.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Spectroscopy
  • Electron Microscopy

Background:

  • Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) traditionally uses charge-coupled devices (CCDs) as detectors.
  • Detector noise limits detection sensitivity in EELS, especially for weak signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate electron-counting direct-detection cameras for EEL spectroscopy.
  • To assess the performance of these cameras for low-dose and time-resolved spectroscopy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an electron-counting direct-detection camera for EELS.
  • Studied the oxygen K edge of amorphous ice.
  • Recorded time-resolved EEL spectra of a protein in amorphous ice under electron beam irradiation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved signal-to-noise ratios up to 10 times higher than conventional CCDs for the oxygen K edge.
  • Detected chemical changes in nitrogen K and carbon K edges during irradiation.
  • Quantified 3 at% nitrogen concentration with a total electron dose of 1.7 e-/Å2.

Conclusions:

  • Electron-counting cameras enhance EELS sensitivity and reduce required electron dose.
  • Enables in situ, time-resolved chemical analysis of sensitive materials like biological proteins.
  • Extends the detection limits of EELS for low-dose applications.