Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization
03:08

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization

Published on: October 3, 2025

829

The RISK pathway and beyond

Xavier Rossello1,2, Derek M Yellon3

  • 1The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.

Basic Research in Cardiology
|November 17, 2017
PubMed

Insights

Cardioprotection research has advanced significantly, particularly in understanding ischemic preconditioning. This viewpoint details the reperfusion injury salvage kinase pathway and its role in protecting the heart.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling

Background:

  • Significant advances in cardioprotection research over 30 years.
  • Discovery of ischemic preconditioning and its molecular signaling.
  • Challenges in translating basic science findings to clinical therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway to clinical and basic scientists.
  • To highlight the relevance of the RISK pathway in cardioprotection.
  • To bridge the gap between basic research and clinical application in cardioprotection.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on the RISK pathway.
  • Dissection of the molecular signaling mechanisms within the RISK pathway.
  • Analysis of the RISK pathway's role in cardioprotective interventions.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of the RISK pathway's components and activation.
  • Elucidation of how the RISK pathway contributes to cardioprotection.
  • Identification of the RISK pathway as a key target for therapeutic development.

Conclusions:

  • The RISK pathway is a crucial mediator of cardioprotection.
  • Understanding the RISK pathway can facilitate the development of novel cardioprotective therapies.
  • Translational research focusing on the RISK pathway holds significant promise for clinical practice.
Keywords:
CardioprotectionIschemia/reperfusion injuryIschemic preconditioningRISK pathway

More Related Videos

A Pathway Association Study Tool for GWAS Analyses of Metabolic Pathway Information05:01

A Pathway Association Study Tool for GWAS Analyses of Metabolic Pathway Information

Published on: July 1, 2020

3.6K
A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways08:01

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways

Published on: February 8, 2017

18.4K

Related Concept Videos

The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a...
6.9K
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
7.7K
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
7.1K
Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:
5.1K
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
5.1K
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
4.5K