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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
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Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Efficient and Cost Effective Electroporation Method to Study Primary Cilium-Dependent Signaling Pathways in the Granule Cell Precursor
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Primary Cilium-Dependent Signaling Mechanisms.

Rajasekharreddy Pala1,2, Nedaa Alomari3,4, Surya M Nauli5,6,7

  • 1Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. rrpala@chapman.edu.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Primary cilia act as cellular communication hubs, sensing mechanical and chemical signals. This review details calcium-dependent and independent signaling pathways crucial for development and health.

Keywords:
calciumcilioplasmcytoplasmsensory functionsignaling

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Primary cilia are vital hair-like organelles involved in vertebrate development, organogenesis, and health.
  • These organelles function as mechano-sensory and chemo-sensory hubs, translating extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses.
  • Calcium signaling is a key mechanism for transmitting extracellular signals, but cilia's diverse functions necessitate exploring both calcium-dependent and independent pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss calcium-dependent and calcium-independent signaling pathways mediated by primary cilia.
  • To highlight the roles of these pathways in various cellular processes and their implications in health and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on primary cilia signaling.
  • Discussion of specific signaling pathways including Hedgehog, Wnt, PDGFR, Notch, TGF-β, mTOR, OFD1 autophagy, and GPCR-associated signaling.

Main Results:

  • Primary cilia utilize both calcium-dependent and calcium-independent mechanisms to regulate cellular functions.
  • These signaling pathways are critical for a wide range of biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and immune response.

Conclusions:

  • Primary cilia are versatile signaling organelles with complex regulatory mechanisms.
  • Understanding both calcium-dependent and independent pathways is essential for comprehending cilia's roles in development, health, and genetic disorders.