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Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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The most common application of magnetic force on current-carrying wires is in electric motors. These consist of loops of wire, which are placed between the magnets with a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate, thus converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
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A toroid is a closely wound donut-shaped coil constructed using a single  conducting wire. In general, it is assumed that a toriod consists of  multiple circular loops perpendicular to its axis.
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An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
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In analyzing a thin-walled hollow shaft subjected to torsional loading, a segment with width dx is isolated for examination. Despite its equilibrium state, this segment faces torsional shearing forces at its ends. These forces are quantitatively described by the product of the longitudinal shearing stress on the segment's minor surface and the area of this surface, leading to the concept of shear flow. This shear flow is consistent throughout the structure, indicating a uniform distribution of...
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When materials are subjected to forces that surpass their yield strength, they undergo a process known as plastic deformation. This results in a permanent alteration or strain in their structure. This concept can be specifically applied to circular shafts, where the deformation leads to a change in its shape. The precise evaluation of this plastic deformation requires understanding the stress distribution within the circular shaft, which is achieved by calculating the maximum shearing stress in...
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The Assembly and Application of 'Shear Rings': A Novel Endothelial Model for Orbital, Unidirectional and Periodic Fluid Flow and Shear Stress
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Toroidal plasmoid generation via extreme hydrodynamic shear.

Morteza Gharib1, Sean Mendoza2, Moshe Rosenfeld3

  • 1Graduate Aerospace Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; francisco.alvespereira@cnr.it mgharib@caltech.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a new way to create natural plasma using a high-speed water jet. This method generates energetic electrons and a unique toroidal plasma structure without external electromagnetic fields.

Keywords:
hydrodynamic shearluminescencetoroidal plasmoidtribo-electricitywater jet

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Tribology

Background:

  • Saint Elmo's fire and lightning are natural atmospheric plasmas.
  • Nonthermal plasmas are typically created using artificial electromagnetic fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the observation of a unique, naturally formed nonthermal plasma.
  • To investigate the mechanism of plasma generation from water-dielectric interaction.

Main Methods:

  • Impacting a high-speed microjet of deionized water onto a dielectric solid surface.
  • Analyzing the resulting plasma using luminescence and radio wave emission measurements.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated tribo-electrification via hydrodynamic shear as the electron generation mechanism.
  • Observed a topologically well-defined, coherent toroidal plasma structure (plasmoid).
  • Detected strong luminescence and discrete-frequency radio waves emitted by the plasmoid.

Conclusions:

  • This study presents a novel method for generating natural plasma without external electromagnetic fields.
  • The discovered plasma formation offers a unique platform for low-temperature plasma science research.