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Related Concept Videos

Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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A Third Generation Water Bath Based Blackbody Source.

Joel B Fowler1

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
|November 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new water bath blackbody source offers enhanced temporal stability and reproducibility for radiometric measurements. This advanced design improves ease of use and provides highly accurate temperature control for precise scientific applications.

Keywords:
apertureblackbodycavityconicalemissivityradiationradiometryreflectancesourcetemperaturethermometerwater bath

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Area of Science:

  • Metrology
  • Radiometry
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Blackbody sources are crucial for calibrating radiometric instruments.
  • Previous generations of water bath blackbody sources had limitations in stability and reproducibility.
  • The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) continuously aims to improve metrological standards.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and construct a third-generation water bath based blackbody source.
  • To achieve improved temporal stability and reproducibility compared to earlier designs.
  • To enhance the ease of use for radiometric calibration applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a water bath system for precise temperature control.
  • Designed a large aperture cavity for the blackbody source.
  • Implemented advanced construction techniques to ensure stability and reproducibility.

Main Results:

  • The blackbody sources operate within the 278 K to 353 K temperature range.
  • Achieved water temperature combined standard uncertainties from 3.5 mK to 7.8 mK.
  • Calculated emissivity of 0.9997 (relative standard uncertainty of 0.0003), increasing to 0.99997 with a 50 mm aperture.

Conclusions:

  • The third-generation blackbody source meets the design goals for improved performance.
  • The enhanced stability, reproducibility, and emissivity make it a valuable tool for advanced radiometric measurements.
  • This development contributes to the accuracy and reliability of radiometric standards.