Regulation of the human beta-actin promoter by upstream and intron domains

We have identified three regulatory domains of the complex human beta-actin gene promoter. They span a region of about 3000 bases, from not more than -2011 bases upstream of the mRNA cap site to within the 5' intron (832 bases long). A distal upstream domain contains at least one enhancer-like element. A proximal upstream domain, with a CArG [for CC(A + T rich)6GG] motif found in all known mammalian actin genes, seems to confer serum, but not growth factor, inducibility. The third domain is within the evolutionarily conserved 3' region of the first intron and contains a 13 base-pair sequence, identical to the upstream sequence with the CArG motif. This domain also contains sequences that are both serum and fibroblast growth factor inducible.