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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Verification for Dislocation Reduction in Germanium Epitaxial Layers with Semicylindrical Voids on Silicon
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Dislocation Multiplications in Extremely Small Hexagonal-structured Titanium Nanopillars Without Dislocation

Peng Huang1, Qian Yu2

  • 1Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.

Scientific Reports
|November 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smaller is stronger in hexagonal close-packed (HCP) materials, unlike cubic ones. Dislocation nucleation and multiplication, not starvation, drive strength and stability in HCP titanium nano-pillars at small scales.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • The 'smaller is stronger' phenomenon is observed in various material structures.
  • Dislocation starvation is a known strengthening mechanism in cubic materials at the nanoscale.
  • The behavior of hexagonal close-packed (HCP) materials at the nanoscale is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanical behavior of HCP titanium nano-pillars at small scales.
  • To determine the underlying mechanisms responsible for strengthening in HCP materials.
  • To compare the nanoscale deformation mechanisms in HCP materials with those in cubic materials.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) nano-mechanical testing.
  • Fabrication of cylindrical titanium nano-pillars with ~150 nm diameters and varied orientations.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) dislocation tomography for detailed structural analysis.

Main Results:

  • Dislocation nucleation and multiplication were identified as dominant plastic deformation mechanisms.
  • No evidence of dislocation starvation was observed in the HCP titanium nano-pillars.
  • HCP materials exhibit superior dislocation storage and plastic stability at extremely small scales.

Conclusions:

  • The strengthening mechanism in HCP materials at the nanoscale differs significantly from cubic materials.
  • Dislocation nucleation and multiplication provide enhanced plastic stability and strength in HCP titanium.
  • HCP structured materials show promise for applications requiring high performance at the nanoscale.