Advanced Melanoma: Current Treatment Options, Biomarkers, and Future Perspectives

Malignant melanoma accounts for the highest number of deaths from skin cancer, and the prognosis of patients with stage IV disease has historically been poor. Novel insights into both mutations driving tumorigenesis and immune escape mechanisms of these tumors have led to effective treatment options that have revolutionized the treatment of this disease. Targeting the MAPK kinase pathway (with BRAF and MEK inhibitors), as well as targeting checkpoints, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) or programmed death 1 (PD-1), have improved overall survival in patients with late-stage melanoma, and biomarker research for personalized therapy is ongoing for each of these treatment modalities. In this review, we will discuss current first-line treatment options, discuss biomarkers supporting treatment decisions, and give an outlook on (combination) therapies we expect to become relevant in the near future.