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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography
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Crystal Growth with Macromolecular Additives.

Alexander G Shtukenberg1, Michael D Ward1, Bart Kahr1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York City, New York 10003, United States.

Chemical Reviews
|November 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Macromolecules like peptides and proteins influence crystal growth, impacting biomineralization and industrial applications. Their size and complexity are key to selective adsorption and incorporation into crystal surfaces.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Macromolecule interactions with crystal surfaces are vital for biomineralization.
  • These interactions are crucial for organism survival in cold environments and have industrial relevance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of crystal growth in the presence of macromolecules.
  • To focus on macromolecule-surface interactions, adsorption, kinetics, incorporation, and defect generation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of crystal growth processes with macromolecular additives.
  • Analysis of macromolecule adsorption selectivity on various crystal surfaces.
  • Examination of crystallization kinetics and defect formation.

Main Results:

  • Macromolecules exhibit selective adsorption and incorporation into crystal surfaces.
  • The size and complexity of macromolecules significantly influence crystallization processes.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to controlling crystal formation.

Conclusions:

  • Macromolecule-crystal surface interactions are complex and selective.
  • These interactions have broad implications for biomineralization, cryobiology, and materials engineering.
  • Further research into macromolecule structure-function relationships in crystallization is warranted.